Marsyaholmes : Asia & Pasifik

Perseterun Diplomatik : Turki dan China Berebut Tahanan Uighur di Thailand

By Meisarah Marsa, S.Sos - April 14, 2015

Fakta :

Peseteruan diplomatik antara Turki dan China mulai muncul sejak Maret 2014 lalu. Di mana sebanyak 17 kelompok Uighur dari keluarga Taklimakan memasuki wilayah Thailand melalui Kamboja secara ilegal. Tiga belas dari mereka adalah anak-anak, termasuk dua yang lahir di pusat penahanan imigrasi di Bangkok setelah ditahan Maret 2014 lalu. Kelompok ini mengaku berasal dari keturunan Turki. Pemerintah Turki pun tidak tinggal diam. Perwakilan diplomatik dari Turki pun didatangkan ke Thailand guna memberikan perlindungan dan mengupayakan negosiasi untuk memulangkan para keturunan Turki yang menjadi korban di Xinjiang ini, di mana ketegangan etnis antara suku Uighur dan pemerintah Cina telah meningkat dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. Pemerintaha Turki pun bahkan mengeluarkan paspor untuk 17 tahanan Uighur dan memberi mereka izin untuk bermigrasi ke negara Turki.

Namun di sisi lain, pemerintah China justru menginginkan pihak Thailand untuk segera memulangkan warganya ke China setelah ditahan sebagai imigran ilegal dengan alasan bahwa kelompok Uighur tersebut merupakan warga negara China dan harus kembali lagi ke China.

Sekjen Dewan Keamanan Thailand, Anusit Kunakorn mengatakan bahwa China dan Turki akhirnya meminta bantuan kepada pemerintahan Thailand untuk memulangkan mereka yang ditahan. Setelah ditahan selama 1 tahun, akhirnya kasus ini pun dirujuk ke pengadilan Bangkok South Criminal Court pada Selasa, 24 Maret 2015. Sidang tersebut di hadiri oleh perwakilan diplomatik dari China dan Turki. Dalam sidang tersebut, pihak diplomatik Turki menegaskan bahwa 17 kelompok Uighur tersebut dapat diterbangkan ke Turki dengan bantuan pengadaan parport yang telah disiapkan pemerintah Turki beberapa waktu lalu. Sedangkan pemerintah China menolak untuk berkomentar di persidangan. Juru Bicara Kementrian Luar Negeri China Hua Chunying menyampaikan bahwa ia tidak menyadari jika mereka adalah keturunan Turki. Hua Chunying menegaskan bahwa pemerintah China bersedia untuk meningkatkan kerjasama dengan Thailand dan Turki serta negara-negara lain untuk memerangi imigrasi ilegal.

Pada tanggal 27 Maret, pengadilan memutuskan bahwa kelompok Uighur tersebut tidak dapat dipulangkan dan Thailand akan terus mengontrol kelompok tersebut. Mendengar hal tersebut akhirnya pihak dari International Human Rights Organizations turun tangan dan mendesak pemerintah Thailand untuk tidak mengembalikan Uighur ke China, karena dikhawatirkan mereka akan menghadapi penganiyaan kembali.

Pada awal Maret 2015, Heiner Bielefeldt, pelapor khusus PBB tentang kebebasan beragama mengeluarkan kecaman pedas terkait tindak pelanggaran hak asasi terhadap etnis Uighur oleh pemerintah China. China menanggapi dengan bantahan boilerplate, menyebut tuduhan Mr. Bielefeldt itu "tidak berdasar."

Analisa :

Dari berita tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa politik luar negeri Turki lebih ditujukan pada peningkatan perlindungan dan kepentingan bangsa sebagaimana yang diungkapkan oleh Gibson dalam bukunya the Road to Foreign Policy. Sedangkan cara dan strategi yang dilakukan pemerintah Turki untuk mengamankan dan melindungi muslim Uighur yang keturunan Turki yang menjadi korban HAM di Xinjiang China dilakukan dengan tindakan diplomatik. Di mana fungsi dan tugas diplomatik yang diupayakan oleh diplomat Turki adalah fungsi Representing (sebagai perwakilan pemerintah Turki), Protecting (melindungi keturunan Turki dengan mengadakan pasport Turki), dan negotiating (menegosiasikan pemulangan kelompok Uighur yang keturunan Turki).

Sebagai tambahan bahwa teori liberal juga menegaskan bahwa setiap individu memiliki kebebasan atau yang dikenal sebagai HAM. Sehingga dalam hal ini, negara juga wajib melindungi warga negaranya atas nama HAM. Di mana jika dibandingkan dengan China, Turki dinilai lebih mampu melindungi dan menjaga hak-hak kelompok Uighur yang menjadi korban di Xinjiang. Sehingga pantaslah jika kelompok Uighur yang ditahan sebagai migrasi ilegal di Thailand tersebut dipulangkan ke Turki dari pada tetap ditahan oleh Thailand atau dipulangkan ke China.

Sumber Berita :

http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/24/us-thailand-china-uighurs-idUSKBN0MK0TA20150324 yang diterbitkan pada 24 Maret 2015
http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/apr/2/inside-china-turkey-china-fight-over-uighurs-detai/ yang diterbitkan pada 2 April 2015

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Asia & Pasifik

The Way of Peace for Korea

By Meisarah Marsa, S.Sos - Januari 21, 2014

The Way of Peace for Korea

Today, we know that there has been considerable economic gap between north korea and south korea. The economic gap can be greatly affected by the economic policies of each Korea. Then, why do we need to look at the economic aspects? Because the economy is the main element that can affect a country. In fact, the rate of progress of a country is also assessed from the economic aspect. In the liberal view, the economy is an important factor and can move a country to do a collaboration. If cooperation can be woven properly, it will realize a peace.

Before discussing further, I would like to say that the discussion on the way of peace for Korea is fairly interesting. Although both Korea is very difficult to unite because of differences in ideology and system of government, but did not rule out the establishment the way of peace for both korea through economic cooperation.

After reading several articles, I know little more about the circumstances that complicate the relationship of cooperation between north korea and south korea. In my opinion, there are two very important points in this regard that leader policy and economic conditions.

We know that the former South Korean president Kim Dae Jung has sparked a political of sunshine policy that helps the economic development of North Korea. Because at that time, the level of economic development of North Korea is very much different from South Korea. This is due to two factors : the collapse of the eastern block and North Korea leader policy that emphasizes the military aspects rather than economic. It can be seen from the development of the North Korea military is faster than the economic development. Although North Korea is very rich in natural resources, the country is not too develop it. As a result, the development of the North Korea economy becomes sluggish and dependent on Chinese imports.

Seeing that economic condition of North Korea increasingly worse, Kim De Jung had the opportunity to realize the sunshine policy. Due to establish good relations with North Korea, it can not be done by force (military) but through economic assistance. The policy was welcomed by North Korean leader Kim Jong Il. Some of the assistance provided South Korea is giving 500 head of cattle, the opening of Mount Geumgang tour program, and release the project of Gaesung industrial complex. The collaboration led to a meeting between the two Korea leaders, Kim Dae Jung and Kim Jung Il on June 13, 2000.

Reunification through a sunshine policy could eventually be achieved during the reign of Kim Dae Jung. Both Korea for the first time gather in a KTT meeting since the Korea peninsula was divided in two. The policy is considered as a good start to begin the cooperation of both Korea.

Then, what about the economic development in the reign of Kim Jong Un? As the heir to Kim Jong Il, he continued the policy of his father and still continue to prioritize the military. Earlier, Kim Il Sung (Kim Jong Un's grandfather) taught a doctrine is not to particularly care with economic problems. If a leader is busy dealing with the economic problems then he will not be able to handle the party and the military properly. North Korea leaders assess the progress of a country from the force of political power, military, and nuclear. This is the doctrine of the Kim dynasty continues to this day. Thus, in the North Korean education system, the man are trained to be good in military and woman are taught business and economics. Because of these factors, the North Korea is more prevalent in military and nuclear fields, in contrast to the South Korea is more prominent in economic field. Although the economic development of North Korea more advanced than before, but still not able to match South Korea.

After the death of Kim Jong Il, Korea ties is cold back. Coupled with the rise of Lee Myung Bak as President of South Korea. Lee Myung Bak assessed conservatively because of policies that worsen relations with North Korea. Lee Myung Bak policies are formed a security force (peace keeping force) and replace some of the ministers in charge of relations with North Korea. It can be seen that President Lee further highlight military aspects than the aspects of cooperation as was done by previous leaders. Lee considers policies that he did was right. The North Korea's attitude which according to Lee to watch out for is the absence of a reciprocal visit of Kim Jong Il and remain on going nuclear program. Thus, the border defense began arguing again. In addition, failure of the inter-Korea trade which caused by the policy of Lee Myung Bak lead to many of Chinese companies in North Korea.

As a result of Lee Myung Bak's policy, many parties are concerned about the future of both Korea's reunification. Chung-in Moon also contributed to criticize it. According to him, what was done by president Lee would only worsen relations between the two Korea.

I strongly agree with what was delivered by prof. Chung-in Moon. President Lee should continue the sunshine policy and food aid. And steps should be taken by President Lee are the non-military approach and continue to cooperation with North Korea. I think, it would be more profitable for both Korea.

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Asia & Pasifik

Influence of Confucianism on Economic Development Against South Korea

By Meisarah Marsa, S.Sos - Januari 21, 2014

Influence of Confucianism on Economic Development Against South Korea

Confucianism is a philosophy of moral teachings that have been ingrained in public life in South Korea. There are 5 moral values embodied in Confucianism: ren (benevolence), yi (righteousness), li (propriety), zhi (wisdom), and xin (faithfulness) (Wenhuai Chai Yuan and Xu, 2006: 368). The Confucian elements affects lifestyle and mindset of the people of South Korea.

Today, Confucianism is no longer the confidence of the majority. This is due to the diversity of Korean public trust. However, the principal values of Confucianism is still a strong influence in the hierarchy system, organization, administration, and economics to the present, despite the influence of the other faith values such as Protestantism and Catholicism brought by Western capitalism etc. Particularly in the economic field, Confucianism contributes greatly to the advancement of the industry, thought patterns, and economic development of South Korean society. Due to Confucian respect for education, honesty, ethics and morality, loyalty, and truth (Kwon, 2002: 56).

Contribution of Confucianism to the progress of South Korea economy can be seen from several aspects:

1. Education aspect

Education is an important point for the people of South Korea. In fact, Korean people are willing to sacrifice their wealth for the sake of education. They regarded it as an investment for the progress. Curriculum and hours of education continues to be improved. There is a life motto South Korean society that affects their morale in achieving education is "When others are sleeping, you have to get up. When people wake up, you have to walk. When others walk, you have to run and when everyone else is running, you have to fly". This makes the quality of human resources in South Korea is very good.

2. Loyalty and persistence aspect

Korean people do sacrifice themselves for the sake of improving the family and state welfare. They are diligent and disciplined. Principle 'Inhwa' makes Korean people remain faithful to the family, state, and enterprises. In that case, South Korean society implements the five principles in maintaining loyalty that are : the relationship between father and child, the relationship between the older brother and younger brother, the relationship between husband and wife, the relationship between friends that younger age with the older, the relationship between the king (ruler) and his people.

3. Morality aspect

South Korean society continue to provide added value to customers by always doing continuous innovation. They are very hardworking and respect for others. That is what makes Korean society has a passion for developing.

The principles of Confucianism affects the people of South Korea. They have highly qualified especially towards economic progress. This can be seen by the increasing role of civil society to take part in the economic and social sectors. The role of civil society gives positive impact on economic growth, such as opening market to foreign investment by South Korean . So, in the 1960s, South Korea is able to join the Newly industrialized economies (NIEs) as one of the countries that have a high economic surge in the short period. The methods of an export-oriented policy is one of the important factors of this economic rise too. During the administration of President Park Chung-Hee, improved economic policy through the export sector was by increased the role of corporate and civil society of south korea.

So, with a superior work ethic, quality of human resources, and good government policy by using the principles of Confucianism on the economy of South Korea increased dramatically until now. In addition, South Korean society also cares about the country, they buy the products of their country.

After analyzing the factors behind the economic rise of South Korea, we can conclude that the traditional values of Confucianism were present largely through the Korean companies and in the personalities of Koreans. Confucianism permeated throughout Korea and impacted the minds and the societal structure of Koreans. Bringing about a sense of loyalty and kinship, these relational characteristics created cohesiveness, catalyst, and a superhuman ambition for success. And then, the new Confucian ethics fused with the capitalistic system of Protestant and Catholic ethics and the intense ambition of a nation's success of Confucianism, Became the cause behind the success of South Korea.

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Perseterun Diplomatik : Turki dan China Berebut Tahanan Uighur di Thailand

The Way of Peace for Korea

Influence of Confucianism on Economic Development Against South Korea

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